Semi-conservative replication of DNA
-The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base paring -DNA's helicase unzips both strands -The now-independent strands use complementary base (DNA polymerase) to recreate it's other halves -The created halves are bonded to the originals by hydrogen bonds |
Helicase
-Helicase unwinds the double helix and seperates the two strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds -Helicase: a group of enzymes that use energy from ATP -First the double helix has to unwind and then unzip |
DNA Polymerase
-DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
-As the polymerase goes creating the new strand, it is using complimentary base paring to pair the corresponding base to the original strand
-DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
-As the polymerase goes creating the new strand, it is using complimentary base paring to pair the corresponding base to the original strand
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
-Use of Taq DNA polymerase to produce multiple copies of DNA rapidly by the polymerase chain reaction
-DNA is replicated through re-annealing
-Use of Taq DNA polymerase to produce multiple copies of DNA rapidly by the polymerase chain reaction
-DNA is replicated through re-annealing
Transcription
-Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied form the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase
-The first step to create a protein in base of a gene is transcription.
-The mRNA is created by the mRNA polymerase through complimentary base paring (only recreates the gene that it needs)
-The DNA strands of that gene are separated as the mRNA pairs and form
-Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied form the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase
-The first step to create a protein in base of a gene is transcription.
-The mRNA is created by the mRNA polymerase through complimentary base paring (only recreates the gene that it needs)
-The DNA strands of that gene are separated as the mRNA pairs and form
Translation
-Translation is the synthesis of the polypeptides on ribosomes
-The mRNA floats to the cytoplasm into a ribosome where it meats with a tRNA and synthesis an amino acid to create a protein
-Translation is the synthesis of the polypeptides on ribosomes
-The mRNA floats to the cytoplasm into a ribosome where it meats with a tRNA and synthesis an amino acid to create a protein
Messenger RNA and the Genetic Code
-The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code
-mRNA carries the genetic information needed to create the amino acid to the ribosome
-The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code
-mRNA carries the genetic information needed to create the amino acid to the ribosome
Codons
-Codons of three nitrogenous bases of mRNA correspond to one amino acids in a polypeptide
-There are 64 possible codons
-1 codon= 3 bases
-Codons of three nitrogenous bases of mRNA correspond to one amino acids in a polypeptide
-There are 64 possible codons
-1 codon= 3 bases
Codons and anticodons
-Translation depends on complementary base paring between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA -Codons are located in the mRNA, anticodons are located in the tRNA (which is floating around the ribosome) -If one codon is ACG, it's anticodon would be UGC -Codons and anticodons have to bind before the tRNA (which contains the amino acids) releases the amino acid into the polypeptide chain |
Production of Human Insulin in Bacteria
-Production of human insulin in bacteria as an example of the universality of of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species
-Although there are some differences between our characteristics and other's species, insulin and other genetically formed operator still is effective in out bodies. All genes (from all species) derive from the same genetic code
-Production of human insulin in bacteria as an example of the universality of of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species
-Although there are some differences between our characteristics and other's species, insulin and other genetically formed operator still is effective in out bodies. All genes (from all species) derive from the same genetic code