CARBOHYDRATES
-Monosaccharides ( single unit sugars) are monomers linked together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides (polymers)
-Examples of monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, and ribose
-Examples od polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
-Monosaccharides bond with each other by condensation. It takes one hydrogen molecule from one monosaccharide and one hydrogen and oxygen from the other. This is called dehydration synthesis, because you take out water molecules from the monosaccharides. The water set aside creates condensation.
-Monosaccharides ( single unit sugars) are monomers linked together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides (polymers)
-Examples of monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, and ribose
-Examples od polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
-Monosaccharides bond with each other by condensation. It takes one hydrogen molecule from one monosaccharide and one hydrogen and oxygen from the other. This is called dehydration synthesis, because you take out water molecules from the monosaccharides. The water set aside creates condensation.
Polysaccharides (plants and animals)
-For animals, the polymer form of glucose is glycogen. It acts as a storage molecule in the liver of excess sugars (converted into insulin). They are linked together by alpha glucose, meaning that the H is in the upper side of the ring and the OH in the bottom
-Plants have two types of fructose polymers. The first one is cellulose. It's function is to create the plant's cell wall. They are linked together by alpha glucose (H in the top and OH in the bottom).
-The second fructose polymer is starch. This acts as a storage molecule for energy. They are linked together by Beta glucose (H in the bottom side of the carbon ring and OH in the upper side)
-For animals, the polymer form of glucose is glycogen. It acts as a storage molecule in the liver of excess sugars (converted into insulin). They are linked together by alpha glucose, meaning that the H is in the upper side of the ring and the OH in the bottom
-Plants have two types of fructose polymers. The first one is cellulose. It's function is to create the plant's cell wall. They are linked together by alpha glucose (H in the top and OH in the bottom).
-The second fructose polymer is starch. This acts as a storage molecule for energy. They are linked together by Beta glucose (H in the bottom side of the carbon ring and OH in the upper side)
LIPIDS
-Lipids are made out of triglycerides, which are composed of one glycerol with three fatty acids
-The fatty acids connect to the glycerol by dehydration synthesis. The glycerol gives up 3 hydrogens, and the fatty acids give one hydrogen and one oxygen, creating three water molecules (condensation).
-Lipids are made out of triglycerides, which are composed of one glycerol with three fatty acids
-The fatty acids connect to the glycerol by dehydration synthesis. The glycerol gives up 3 hydrogens, and the fatty acids give one hydrogen and one oxygen, creating three water molecules (condensation).
-Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. Saturated fats are composed of single bonds. Monounsaturated fats have only one double bond. And polyunsaturated fats have several double bonds. Unsaturated fats are known to be healthier
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-Unsaturated fats can be cis and trans. When there is a bend in in the hydrocarbon chain at the double bond (both hydrogen atoms are in the same side), it is harder for the fatty acids to pack up together and becomes liquid at room temperature. These are cis-unsaturated fatty acids. The trans-unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature because they don't have this bend (one hydrogen in each side of the double bond), and pack together easily, which is why they are known to be bad for you health
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Coronary Heart Disease
It has been a concern that trans-fatty acids and saturated fatty acids lead to CHD. This causes the arteries to clog due to fat accumulation and heart attacks. Although it hasn't been found a correlation between high intake of saturated fatty acids and CHD rates, it has been found a correlation between a high intake of trans-fatty acids and CHD. It has also been found that areas were a lot of cis-fatty acids (like olive oil in around the Mediterranean) are used in foods, the CHD rates a very low.
It has been a concern that trans-fatty acids and saturated fatty acids lead to CHD. This causes the arteries to clog due to fat accumulation and heart attacks. Although it hasn't been found a correlation between high intake of saturated fatty acids and CHD rates, it has been found a correlation between a high intake of trans-fatty acids and CHD. It has also been found that areas were a lot of cis-fatty acids (like olive oil in around the Mediterranean) are used in foods, the CHD rates a very low.
Energy Storage: Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
Lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage, while carbohydrates are more suitable for short term energy. for lipids, energy released in cell respiration per gram is two times as much as carbohydrates. in contrast from carbohydrates, it doesn't involve any water, which makes more room for energy storage. However, carbohydrates are more suitable for short-term energy because it breaks down to glucose more rapidly and it can be used for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage, while carbohydrates are more suitable for short term energy. for lipids, energy released in cell respiration per gram is two times as much as carbohydrates. in contrast from carbohydrates, it doesn't involve any water, which makes more room for energy storage. However, carbohydrates are more suitable for short-term energy because it breaks down to glucose more rapidly and it can be used for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Body Mass Index
Without using the formula, one can calculate the BMI by using a nomogram. This is a diagram in which the first vertical line shows your body mass (the order goes from bottom to top), the last line shows your height (from top to bottom). Finally, the line in the middle shows the BMI (from bottom to top). One must find their body mass (in kg), their height (in cm), and draw a line across the two measures. Where the line intersects the middle line, you will find your BMI. |
TOK: There are conflicting views as to the harms and benefits of fats in diets. How do we decide between competing views?
We decide between competing groups by the amount of evidence and effectiveness of their arguments that they provide to us. By using correlations and tests made, both sides can express their arguments clearly and effectively to create more persuasion, and convince us that they are right.
We decide between competing groups by the amount of evidence and effectiveness of their arguments that they provide to us. By using correlations and tests made, both sides can express their arguments clearly and effectively to create more persuasion, and convince us that they are right.